PDA Positive Developmental Assistance free essay sample

The individual who has the most significant impact on me is my mom, who was referred to her companions essentially as Lainie. My mom passed on very nearly six years prior. I was a multi year old young lady in center school. Albeit both of my sisters were away at school (my center sister was in secondary school and my most seasoned sister was in school), and I was at a private/LD select boarding and day (boarding for me) school in Vermont. It occurred over Thanksgiving Break. It was actually the day in the wake of Thanksgiving. I called my companions. (I even talked who I got a kick out of the chance to get back to then the individuals who despised me.) They returned to PRS (Pine Ridge School) when get-away was finished yet I needed to remain at home in Princeton, New Jersey for the Memorial Service. In all honesty I would not like to. I would not like to sport dark. We will compose a custom exposition test on PDA: Positive Developmental Assistance or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, I had no way out in the two issues. My mom was in every case enthusiastic. Much after she was determined to have Breast Cancer, going away, and afterward analyzed once more, back when there was little information on the best way to reduce its seriousness. In addition, the multiple times it was analyzed, it was analyzed late. She would go on strolls with her companions, one who passed on Thanksgiving night in 2008. Exactly five years after herself. She would wake us up, hang tight for the school transport with us, and afterward off theyd go. She would even do this in the Winter. She would need to pay the result by defeating dark ice first, however she was consistently solid and her slipping on dark ice wounds were once in a while anything genuine. On ends of the week, now and again I would need to accompany her. On those days her companions would get espresso and she would get hot cocoa at the Small World Coffee shop in downtown Princeton. She wouldnt let me since they di dn't walk. They power strolled and I was youthful, had short legs, and I was not athletic by any stretch of the imagination. Later on in life I discovered that I could out walk my entire family. Indeed, even my mother. At the point when my mother brought her hot cocoa home it would consistently be half full (not half unfilled) and have a red lipstick smear on it that was her hot cocoa trademark or Lainie/Mom was here sign. At the point when she didnt look I would drink what was left of it yet when she would discover that multi year old Julia had drank everything, she would simply chuckle. The help my mom has had in my improvement can be discovered covered up in the above story. By living she has brought me life. She has brought me into this world also. By biting the dust she was disclosing to me that I was sufficiently able to live to its fullest without her. I accept that she is as yet looking out for me and stepping in when it is required. For whatever length of time that I despit e everything have confidence in her, her essence will wait with mine. At the point when I was mature enough she would at times assist me with exploring through midtown Princeton, (obviously, some credit ought to be given to her currently perished closest companion and my center sister). On the off chance that it werent for her time and persistence For those first, presumably generally significant, thirteen years of my life I would not be as autonomous as I am today.

The Externalities of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

The Externalities of Education - Essay Example Instructive associations represent an exceptionally taught workforce and it lies in both open foundations. This workforce creates quality training which creates future workforce with a lot higher caliber for both the associations. Along these lines, quality training causes the individuals to be prepared to deal with performing multiple tasks work through being master in numerous regions. Higher salary level in the general public is another significant positive externality of open organizations. Government funded instruction essentially assists understudies from lower pay family with getting taught by considerably less instructive expense. On the off chance that an understudy has anxious to learn, at that point the person in question can be exceptionally instructed from government funded training and procure great measure of cash in future. It pushes the understudy from lower salary family to monetarily bolster their relatives in not so distant future. Higher pay implies less individuals need government’s help with terms of financial advantage and sponsorships to the lower salary level individuals in the general public. Higher pay particularly in the groups of lower salary as of now result by and large improvement in an economy. Per capita pay will develop effectively, more openings for work will come and individuals will effortlessly land position and the asso ciations can without much of a stretch access proficient mastery agreeing their necessities. Socio social assorted variety in the general public is the third positive externality of government funded training. In open instructive spots, there are individuals from various races, societies and foundations and so on. Children and young people learn in the government funded training condition how to exist together with their cohorts. This gaining from the training condition will convey into the associations where they need to work with individuals from various culture, diverse disposition and conduct additionally and even from individuals from various nations. Consequently, an individual learn lenient and comprehension of various individuals around trim even in the training places or might be in the general public and the work environments

30 Brilliant Networking Conversation Starters

30 Brilliant Networking Conversation Starters Networking events are great but not for everyone. You may have been excited at the thought of attending one, only to find yourself standing awkwardly alone when everyone else is talking to someone. Or probably you skipped the event because you are not a good conversationalist.Don’t worry though, this article will help you curb your fears by showing you how to approach a stranger and start a conversation.Below are 30 brilliant networking conversation starters that will help you deal with the situation. Just use one that sounds or feels appropriate and off you go. Remember to loosen up a bit and don’t be too formal. Keep the conversation simple since you are just building a connection.1. “That’s a nice suit you are wearing. Where did you get it from?”Compliments always work well. And the best part? They shift the attention from you to the other person. This is very helpful if you are feeling anxious about starting a conversation. From the response you get, it will then be a l ot easier to keep the conversation going.2. “Hi, I’m Ryan and I [What you do].”Say this with an outstretched arm as a way of inviting the person into a conversation. Always remember to have a smile on your face and make eye contact. In shaking their hand, make it firm but brief.This opening line is short and on point, making it clear that you want to get into a conversation. Pick on what the other person tells you and drive the conversation further. Do not overthink it. You can simply ask what their career is like, what a typical day for him is like etc.3. “Do you have any networking tips for an introvert?”If you are an introvert and struggle even with the thought of approaching a stranger, this one is for you. Just pose as an introvert who is seeking some help. Don’t worry about what the person might think. Focus on your goalâ€"to start a conversation. If asked, readily acknowledge that you are an introvert.In case the person shows sympathy for introverts, take the oppo rtunity to talk about the strengths of being an introvert. This will quickly open up the space for a great conversation. You can also gently steer the conversation back to them by asking their personality, especially now that they know yours.4. “What do you like most about this event so far?”Ask anyone this question and they will likely give you several sentences as a response. If they give you one of those short ones, just ask them what it is they like about what they mentioned. This gives them a chance to explain their thoughts and helps you have something to respond to.Still, if the response is short, you can also tell them what you liked and ask them whether they noticed it. For example, you could say, “I liked the subtle humor which the speaker used in his speech. Did you notice it?” Proceed to give examples of the humorous statements you noticed.5. “Hi, do you work at [a certain company]?”You don’t have to have seen them at that company in order to ask this quest ion. You are simply starting a conversation. With a high probability of getting a “No” for an answer, just tell them they looked like someone working for that company.For this to be received well, use a company that has a good reputation or is highly successful. For example, you could respond by saying, “you appear to me like someone who could be a strategist in a big company.” You can then proceed to ask them where they work and pick up from there.6. “How did you hear about this event?”This is a classic one which can never fade. No single event is advertised through only one media channel. It may have been on social media, on TV or just a friend mentioning it. Prepare an interesting response as to how you heard about it but don’t struggle to be funny.You could for example say, “I heard someone invite his friend over the phone and since he sounded excited, I extended the invitation to myself.” Alternatively, mention any of the ways through which the event was adver tized.7. “Have you been here before?”Approach someone with this question and if they say a plain “No,” just add something like “Neither have I, but I find it to be a great place to hold an event.” You can then describe one of the things you have noticed about the building or the event’s setup. This will prompt the other person to respond with something they have noticed themselves.8. “It’s so crowded in here. There must be a million people in this room.”Obviously, there can’t be a million people in the room but the idea gets home anyway. This will move the other person see things from your perspective. In so doing, you will have attracted him to your line of thought. You can then continue with “I can barely move with ease.”Ensure that the place is quite filled with people so that you don’t come across as someone making an out-of-place comment just to start a conversation.9. “That was quite a speech. What is the one thing you got out of it?”If the inte raction session starts after a keynote speech, use it to start a conversation. There will most likely be more than one thing someone picked as important to him. Listen to him and agree with him on its importance then share something you found valuable.If you noticed anything outside the main speech that stood out for you, like the amount of research the speaker quoted, you can also raise it for discussion. Just focus on the positive and don’t talk about anything negative, unless it was so obvious that everyone noticed it.10. “I love the salad. Have you tried it?”Comments about food will always start a good conversation. This is because people will either describe things differently from you or expound on your simple comment. They might even tell you about a recipe they use to make something similar or a restaurant they know which makes it well.All these are hints you can follow to keep the conversation going and soon enough, you will be talking about anything.11. “How often do you attend networking events?”This question implies that you have something you want to say about the event you are attending but would rather hear the other person’s thoughts first. Depending on the kind of person they are, they may respond cautiously awaiting to hear what you have to say.You can tell them whether you have attended any or that is your first one. Still, for the expectation you have built, make an observation that will start a conversation. You could say “This is my first one and I am quite amazed at how people are engaging with one another.” 12. “Was it easy for you to find this place?”If you had a challenge finding the venue, probably because you are new in the area, you can use your experience to get a conversation started. By posing the question, you give them an opportunity to tell you their experience first. If there was traffic, then they have a story, even if a short one, to share with you.In case they got there easily, then share your experien ce of how you had to drive several streets past the venue and even made some wrong turns while searching for the place. You can finish your story by commenting on the state of traffic in general and how much productivity is lost in traffic.Since everyone experiences traffic, this is a common subject around which to start a conversation.13. “Have you been at the exhibition stands?”If the event features exhibitions for businesses to showcase their products, you can use that to start the conversation. If they haven’t, you can invite them to accompany you as you head there. If they have, ask them which products stood out for them.If the conversation continues well, keep going with it. If asked whether you are still interested in checking out the exhibition, you can tell them you have already gotten enough information from them. Alternatively, you can mention that the time you spent talking bore much fruit that you don’t mind not going there anyway.14. “Hi, I see that you work at [company where they work]. What is it like working there?”For this to work, you must have knowledge of where they work. If the person is wearing a name tag and you managed to see the name of the company, then this is a good starting point. As they talk, show genuine interest and ask questions to prompt them to tell you more.You can interject with questions which express more interest or comments which show you have had a similar experience as the one they are talking about.15. “Wow, the food looks goodI’m not sure what to have. What will you have?”The line at the buffet table is another great place to have a conversation going. Instead of lining up for food silent, ask this question to invite the person in front of you into a conversation. He is likely to agree with you on the food and probably offer some suggestions based on what he has decided to have.Still, he may not have decided on what to have thus creating room for an open conversation. It will be easier to continu e with the conversation once you have helped each other decide on what to eat.16. “Did you catch the game last night?”Talking sports is another sure way of starting a conversation. This works well especially if you are a fan, otherwise you could end up with little to share. The same situation can also occur if the other person isn’t a fan of the sport you are referring to. That is not to mean you cannot still have a conversation.Ask them about what sport they love. If they are not fans of any sport, then find out what fun activities they engage in. You will get something from their response on which to build a conversation.17. “This is such a great venue for a networking event. Have you been here before?”The environment in which you are provides many ideas for starting a conversation. You can pick on any of the features of the building or its environment and talk about it. If the room is big and well planned for all kinds of services, then talk about it.You can also mentio n other venues you have been to which compare well to the one you are in.18. “You guys seem to be having a good time. Do you mind if I joined you?”This will help you join a group of people who are talking together. Despite having a hard time starting a conversation, this offers you a chance to join a conversation which is already going on. Moreover, with three or more people, there is less attention going to one individual, offering safety for you.This will probably be the best way for you to develop the much-needed confidence. The group interaction will be easy on you as there will be several people speaking. You can easily give approvals for what has been said or add something small or ask a follow up question to keep the conversation going.19. “So, what do you do?”Since networking is all about connecting with other people, this is a direct approach that will keep things rolling along the real purpose of the event. Going straight into business, you will build a connection knowing the industry the other person works in. From here, you will know how you can add value to each other.Watch this video and learn how to answer this question if someone poses it to you. The last thing you want to do is attend a networking event unprepared. 20. “Hi, are you a [the profession you think they are in]?”This starts as a compliment and goes straight into business. The only thing you need to do is ensure you start off well. Do not exaggerate or use informal language which the person may not understand. To get a clue of what they may be doing, check their dressing.Although some events may indirectly dictate the dressing if they are held in certain places, someone’s attire can offer a hint about his profession or lifestyle. Their conduct can also give you ideas. For example, people in the art industry usually sport casual styles as opposed to those who work in offices.Similarly, people working in the sales and PR departments tend to be more outgoing than others. B eing correct is however not the most important thing here. Starting a conversation is.21. “Did you attend last year’s event?”Approaching someone with this question tells them there is a comparison you are about to make and they will be open to hear it. In case you were not at the event, just tell them you wanted to know how it was considering how good the current one is.In case you were present, mention some positive things that featured in last year’s event and be open to their questions and thoughts.22. “What are the three tips you would give an entrepreneur on business strategy?”You can twist this question so that it lines up with the subject discussed by the speaker. This provides a common ground on which both of you can freely interact and exchange thoughts.23. “Can I get you another drink?”Of course this will only work if the person you are approaching has an empty or nearly-empty glass. You can then get them another drink from the bar. If the venue has attenda nts serving the attendees, you can signal one of them for the order.You can continue to mention how you like the wine being served. As long as the conversation is started, there will be much more to talk about.24. “Hi, can I borrow your pen?”If you have your diary with you, you can borrow a pen and scribble something in it. Though not everyone may be walking around with a pen, you can safely assume that anyone with a notebook or diary possibly has one.If the person you approached doesn’t have one, you can approach someone else and pick a conversation with them. The ice is already broken and the conversation can flow.25. “I bet you are as excited about this event as I am.”Before making this statement, make sure you are excited. And more so, it has to be evident on your face. This will show the sincerity of your conversation starter. In your excitement, have two or three items ready to point out that make the event exciting.Being a social event, despite any formal dressing a nd setup, the other person will respond accordingly and share what they think of the event.26. “Do you mind if I joined you?”If you spot someone seated or standing somewhere alone, approach them and request to join their company. They will most likely appreciate your interest. If the place they are is quieter than the rest of the room, mention it as something you would like to enjoy. Proceed to ask whether they are enjoying the same thing.27. “I knew I would meet a loner like me in this place.”This is an interesting one because you are not sure whether the person is a loner. At the same time, you have made yourself vulnerable by indicating that you are a loner. But that’s exactly why this one will work so well. Ensure the person you are telling this is alone at the time you approach them.If the person is indeed a loner, you will have guessed right. And since you said you are also a loner, you will have struck a chord with them. It will be easy for two loners to talk togeth er. You can even encourage them with some conversation starters then meet later to share your experiences.If it happens that the person is not a loner, then you can offer yourself to learn how to become like them. Ask them directly how they manage to interact easily and before you know it, you are talking.28. “I couldn’t help noticing your deep voice. Do you sing?”Take note that this is more appropriate for use on men. It is also a good thing to tell it to someone you noticed had a deep voice. Compliments will always land you on the soft side of people. Whether you get a “Yes” or a “No” for an answer, you will not struggle to build the conversation from that point.For example, if they sing, you can ask for sample songs and offer to buy an album. If they don’t, you can ask why and make suggestions to encourage them to sing since they have a great voice.29. “I can’t imagine having missed this networking event.”This is a great way of showing that you are enjoying the event and it’s turning out exactly the way you hoped. The person you are directing it to will be feeling the same or otherwise. Whichever way, you two now have somewhere to pick the conversation from.30. “Hi, are you in [the department you work in]? I am hoping to meet a few fellow [people working in that department].”You can use this to make your profession known while waiting to know the other person’s. Be ready to show interest in their profession if it’s different from yours. In any case, isn’t starting a conversation what you really wanted?CONCLUSIONHave these networking conversation starters given you some ideas on how to benefit from the next networking event? Use them and say goodbye to those awkwardly silent moments.

Honors Language Arts Essay - 1271 Words

Shane Thompson Honors Essay Language Arts Have you ever had a change of some sort forced upon you? Did it have an affect on you or your life? Well, the main theme that can be taken from both, The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexandre Dumas) and Ender’s Shadow (Orson Scott Card), is that when a change is forced upon a person it will have an affect on the course of the world, not just the person the change was forced upon. Or as Isaac Newton would refer to this process, â€Å"Each and every action has an equal and opposite reaction† (Newton’s 3rd Law). The people that were on the short end of the stick in this theory were Ender, Bean, and Edmond Dantes (Count of Monte Cristo). Three characters from two books that couldn’t be any different†¦show more content†¦Another effect of the changes forced upon him is that he makes a bad first impression on most people, Bean stated when talking to Dimak about a question Dimak had asked, â€Å"I’m little and I’m smarter than they are. Nobody’s standing in line [to be Beans friend]† (pg. 217). This shows Bean’s first impressions aren’t great because he is younger and smaller, yet still smarter than anybody in the level he is at. It also shows that Bean understands and knows the reason why he doesn’t have many friends. Those are two examples out of an entire book full of them to choose from, but they summarize Bean’s hardships pretty well. So the characters were different yes, but when they had changes forced upon them they all had effects, both positive and negative, forced upon them too. Ender, Bean, and Edmond Dantes all faced many hardships in their stories. However, they all came out better. Ender commanded the fleet that destroyed the â€Å"last† of the buggers. Bean was on the control team, with Ender, that destroyed the â€Å"last† of the buggers. Edmond Dantes became the Count of Monte Cristo and got the revenge he wanted, not to mention being one of the richest men in the world. They all came out having gained something to benefit them. So maybe having a change or two forced upon you isn’t all that bad. It may seem horrible when if first begins, but just keep looking for a way toShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : I Heart Writing1073 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped an alternate outlet to express myself. An outlet where I wouldn’t have to think about forming sentences or u sing words that I don’t know but use anyway. An outlet in which I find solace and truly shows who I am as a person. The outlet of art. During several moments of my life , I often asked my parents questions about my development, such as â€Å"How did I learn to read?† or â€Å"What was my first word?† Their responses have always baffled me, usually stating that I loved books and practicingRead MoreIndia s Opinion On Indian Theatre1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this essay is to explore how Indian theatre has developed within Britain, society’s opinion on Indian performers in theatre and how it is now becoming more acceptable and respected in modern day British theatre. It is very clear that ethnical established ways of thinking have always been challenged in Indian theatre performance for several reasons. These consist of the disadvantages faced by the ethnic groups on the British stage, the use of Indian languages, and how Indian Theatre isRead MoreWho Are You As A Writer? Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesexcellent knowledge. 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The Importance Of Arts In Education - 897 Words

Some schools in the United States offer a variety of arts programs, while other schools may have mediocre to non-existent arts programs. Students in their early years of schooling from elementary to high school depending on whether he or she has an arts education can affect them in the long run. Art programs since the 1980s have integrated into public education, however the No Child Left Behind act has since put the arts in the decline. According to Americans, 93% of them agree the arts are vital to providing a well-rounded education for children and 86% agree that arts education encourages and assists in the improvement of a child s attitude toward school. The National Education Association believes the arts play an important role in†¦show more content†¦Under the No Child Left Behind Act, passed in 2002, the federal government started assessing school districts by their students’ scores on reading and mathematics tests. Due to having reading and mathematics as the core way of assessing how much a school does and how much it receives in federal funding, schools focus more on reading and math over anything else including art. Deep budget cuts on the art education at the benefit of mathematics and reading has long-lasting effects on schools that do so. According to National Endowment for the Arts 2015 Annual Report, many state and local organizations depend on federal funding to sustain accessible arts programs throughout the country. With funding being limited, art has to be reduced as it s deemed unimportant. Furthermore a study titled â€Å"The Role of the Fine and Performing Arts in High School Dropout Prevention,† by the Center for Music Research at Florida State University, â€Å"Students at risk of not successfully completing their high school educations cite their participation in the arts as reasons for staying in school. 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It is also considered a form of entertainment, not only for ourselves but for the entertainment of others as well. â€Å"Art in a nation’s most precious heritage, for it is in our works of art that we reveal to ourselves and to others the inner vision which guides us

The Shape Memory Effect And Super Elasticity - 2345 Words

INTRODUCTION The Shape Memory Alloys are quite fascinating materials characterised by a Shape Memory effect and Super-elasticity, which ordinary metals and alloys do not have. This unique behaviour was first found in Au-47.5%Cd alloy in 1951, and was publicised by its discovery in a Ti-Ni alloy in 1963. After much research and development thereafter, shape memory alloys are now being practically used as new functional alloys for pipe couplings, antennae for cellular phones and various actuators in electrical appliances, etc. Furthermore, they have attracted keen attention as promising candidate for smart materials since they function as sensors as well as actuators. The shape memory effect and super-elasticity are based on the diffusion less transformation called martensitic transformation. The Shape memory effect is a unique property of certain alloys exhibiting martensitic transformations. Even though the alloy is deformed in low temperature phase, it recovers its original shape by reverse transformation upon heating to a critical temperature called reverse transformation temperature. Many other alloys such as In-T1, 3, 4 Cu-Zn and Cu-Al-Ni were also found. The same alloys have another unique property called Super-elasticity at a higher temperature, which is associated with a large (18%) nonlinear recoverable strain upon loading and unloading. Since these alloys have a unique property in remembering the original shape, having an actuator function and havingShow MoreRelatedApplication Of Shape Memory Alloy Properties1427 Words   |  6 PagesOF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN INTELLIGENT REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (IRCS) 7 2.1. Concept of IRCs 7 2.2. Important Shape Memory Alloy Properties Applied in IRC 7 2.2.1. Shape Memory Effect 7 2.2.2 Thermal Actuation Ability 7 2.2.3 Damping 7 2.3. Experimental Approach 7 2.3.1. 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The Impact of the Trade Act on Euro Exchange Rates free essay sample

A study of the impact of Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974 on the steel industry and the Euro exchange rates. This is an in-depth analysis of the risks and pitfalls of possible U.S. tariffs on European Steel products, as in Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974. It examines the global trade agreements, and their goal of creating a level playing ground for both industrialized and emerging countries. The paper argues that U.S. tariffs on imported steel will not have a direct effect on the exchange rate of the Euro and the U.S. dollar, and that the solution for the steel industry depends on the ability of the world to act as a global community in solving a global problem. Irrational presidential manners and international trade wars may cause a ripple effect that is more dangerous than the damage to one industrial sector. This is precisely the situation that we face with the steel industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the Trade Act on Euro Exchange Rates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper includes statistics and tables to support its thesis. Table of Contents Size of the US-European import-export trade. Mass Media Reactions to the Tariffs Other Countries Reactions History of the Steel Industry in the US The Situation from an Economists Standpoint Conclusion Works Cited Appendices Free Trade has been a key agenda for the past three presidents. In an expanding global market, tariffs and trade policies are more important today than they have been in the past. More and more countries are forming alliances such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Asian Alliance, and the European Union (EU). These trade agreements are meant to level the playing for all countries, both industrialized and emerging countries. President Bushs trade policy is aimed at helping to generate American jobs, open markets to American products, and provide economic growth. Sometimes massive increases in imports can have a devastating effect on US industries. [This has been the case for the US steel Industry and is the issue addressed in Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974. Foreign steel makers have had the luxury of government support which allowed them to have large capacity for expansion and as a result they have flooded the US market with cheap imports. Since 1998, thirty percent of all US steel producers have filed for bankruptcy as a result of falling steel prices in the US. The World Trade Organization allows countries who have been severely effected by changes in trade policy to take temporary actions to provide ailing relief to suffering industries. This is the premise behind the Presidential Proclamation issued by President Bush (Congressional Report, 1974).]

Landfills - Fact Is More Ominous Than Fiction Essays - Landfill

Landfills - Fact is more ominous than fiction Title: Landfills - Fact is more ominous than fiction It has long been believed that the largest entity brought upon the Earth by humankind is the Pyramid of the Sun, constructed in Mexico around the start of the Christian era. The mammoth structure commands nearly thirty million cubic feet of space. In contrast, however, is the Durham Road Landfill, outside San Francisco, which occupies over seventy million cubic feet of the biosphere. It is a sad monument, indeed, to the excesses of modern society [Gore 151]. One might assume such a monstrous mound of garbage is the largest thing ever produced by human hands. Unhappily, this is not the case. The Fresh Kills Landfill, located on Staten Island, is the largest landfill in the world. It sports an elevation of 155 feet, an estimated mass of 100 million tons, and a volume of 2.9 billion cubic feet. In total acreage, it is equal to 16,000 baseball diamonds [Miller 526]. By the year 2005, when the landfill is projected to close, its elevation will reach 505 feet above sea level, making it the highest point along the Eastern Seaboard, Florida to Maine. At that height, the mound will constitute a hazard to air traffic at Newark airport [Rathje 3-4]. Fresh Kills (Kills is from the Dutch word for creek) was originally a tidal marsh. In 1948, New York City planner Robert Moses developed a highly praised project to deposit municipal garbage in the swamp until the level of the land was above sea level. A study of the area predicted the marsh would be filled by the year 1968. He then planned to develop the area, building houses and attracting light industry. Mayor Impelliteri issued a report titled "The Fresh Kills Landfill Project" in 1951. The report stated, in part, that the enterprise "cannot fail to affect constructively a wide area around it." The report ended by stating, "It is at once practical and idealistic" [Rathje 4]. One must appreciate the irony in the fact that Robert Moses was, in his day, considered a leading conservationist. His major accomplishments include asphalt parking lots throughout the New York metro area, paved roads in and out of city parks, and development of Jones Beach, now the most polluted, dirty, overcrowded piece of shoreline in the Northeast. In Stewart Udall's book The Quiet Crisis, the former Secretary of the Interior lavishes praise on Moses. The JFK cabinet member calls Jones Beach "an imaginative solution ... (the) supreme answer to the ever-present problems of overcrowding" [Udall 163-4]. JFK's introduction to the book provides this foreboding passage: "Each generation must deal anew with the raiders, with the scramble to use public resources for private profit, and with the tendency to prefer short-run profits to long-run necessities. The crisis may be quiet, but it is urgent" [Udall xii]. Oddly, the subject of landfills is never broached in Udall's book; in 1963, the issue was, in fact, a non-issue. A modern state-of-the-art sanitary landfill is a graveyard for garbage, where deposited wastes are compacted, spread in thin layers, and covered daily with clay or synthetic foam. The modern landfill is lined with multiple, impermeable layers of clay, sand, and plastic before any garbage is deposited. This liner prevents liquids, called leachates, from percolating into the groundwater. Leachates result from rain water mixing with fluids in the garbage, making a highly toxic "juice" containing inks, heavy metals, and other poisonous compounds. Ideally, leachates are pumped up from collection points along the bottom of the landfill and either shipped to liquid waste disposal points or re-introduced into the upper layers of garbage, to resume the cycle. Unfortunately, most landfills have no such pumping system [Miller 527]. Until the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency by Nixon in 1970, there were virtually no regulations governing the construction, operation, and closure of landfills. As a result, 85 percent of all landfills extant in this country are unlined. Many are located in close proximity to aquifers or other groundwater features, or near geologically unstable sites. Many older landfills are leaching toxins into our water supply at this very moment, with no way to stop them. For example, the Fresh Kills landfill leaks an estimated one million gallons of toxic ooze into the surrounding water table every day [Miller 527]. Sanitary landfills do offer certain advantages. Offensive odors, the mainstay of the old city dump, are dramatically reduced by the daily cover of clay or other material. Vermin and insects, both of the terrestrial and airborne varieties, are denied a free meal

Notes of business mathematics Essays

Notes of business mathematics Essays Notes of business mathematics Essay Notes of business mathematics Essay Mr.. Shave Sings Kansas 1 . The product of 2 numbers is 60 and their arithmetic mean in 8, find the numbers. 2. The monthly salary of a persona was RSI. 320 for each of the first three years. He next got annul increment of RSI. 40 per month for each of the following successive 12 years. His salary remained stationary till retirement when he found that his average monthly salary during the service period was RSI. 698. Find the period of his service. 3. Divide 36 into 6 parts in A. P such that the sum of their squares in RSI. 286. 4. A man saved RSI. 20,000 in 16 years. In each year after the first he saved RSI. 0 move that he did in the preceding year. How much did he save in the next year? 5. The some of three numbers in G. P in 70. If the extremes be multiplied each by 4 and the mean by 5 the products are in A. P find the numbers. 6. Three numbers whose sum is 18 are in A. P if 2, 1 are added to then respectively the resulting numbers are in G. P determine the numbers. Solve the equ ations. 7. 8. EX.-XX+100=o for example 9. XX-xx=1 11 . XX+2=12-XX 12. A fathers age is four times that of his son before 8 years the fathers age was sixteen times that of the son. Find fathers age. 13. A positive number is such that two third of its square equal 7 times the number. Find the number. 14. The sum of a denominator and numerator a fraction is 12. The fraction becomes equal to if 1 is subtracted from both denominator and numerator. Find the fraction? 15. Total price of 16 Keg. Wheat and 6 Keg. Rice is Rig the total price of 24 Keg. Rice is RSI. 52. 50 find the rate per Keg. Of wheat and rice. 16. A man sells 7 horses and 8 course at RSI. 2940 and 5 horses and scows at RSI. 21 50 what is the selling price of each? 7. There are only fifty paisa and twenty five paisa coins in a box. If the no. Of coins is 21 and their value is RSI. 6. Find the no. Of each type of coins matrix. 18. A manufacturer three terms P, Q R and sells them is two markets I II annual sales are given below. 2000 3000 the total revenue of each market using matrix. 19. Find A-I 20. Let A 21. Let A 22. A sales man has the following record of sales during three weeks for the three items X,Y Z which have different rate of commission. Weeks Unit sold Total Commission x z 2 3 50 20 10 270 450 260 23. One unit of commodity A is produced by combining 1 unit of land, 2 units of labor and 5 units of capital. One unit of B is produced by 2 unit of lard, 3 units of labor and 1 unit of capital, one unit of C is produced by 3 units of land, 1 unit of labor and 2 units of capital. If the price of C are RSI. 27, RSI. 16 Rs. 19 respectively find the rent R, wage W,7 rate of interest. Percentage 24. A businessman donated 3% of his income and spends 90% of his income on his family if a balance RSI. 1750 is with him find out his income. 25. A man has certain sum of money. He gang 20% of it to his eldest son 30% of the remaining to his youngest son and 10% of remaining term poor boys in a school. Still he has RSI. 100 and 50 paisa with him. Find the total sum? 26. A person saves 3/5 of what he spends from his income. Find out how much percentage of income does he saves. 27. When sales tax increased from 2% to 4 h%. A customer paid RSI. 63. 72 more then that of previous purchase. What is the cost price of that material? 28. There are 10 seats in a bus. In how many ways can four passengers acquire the 10 seats. 29. Find the value of r if pr =42. 0. A student decides to spare half an hour for each subject. If he has to study five present worth and true discount on a bill of RSI. 38 due 2 years hence at 4% compound interest compounded annually. 32. A farmer borrowed RSI. 4800 for his sons marriage and repaid the can after 3 years. If simple intent at the rate of 6 was charged. What additional amount had he to pay. 33. Purport borrowed RSI. 8000 10 years at compound interest and the rate of interest were 3% P. A for the first 3 years. 5% for the next four years and 6% for the rest 3 years. Calculate compound interest. 4. In what time a sum of money doubles it at 7 h% compound interest per annum? 35. A loan of RSI. 1000 is to be paid in 5 equal installments interest being at 6% per annum. Compounded annually and first payment being made after a year. What will be the interest per year? Verify your result also. Find DAY/DXL 37. Y 38. (213-21) 39. Y=xx (213+1) 40. Y?+, then show that 41 . XX+Y = sax 42. 43. 44. If xrexes-y Phone that 45. Y 46. In a certain examination 75% pars is group A 82% in group B and 15% fail in both the groups. Find out what percent are pass is examination. 47. A survey reports that 80% of the populations read magazine M. And 55% are males find the least possible percentage of males reading M and females reading M. 48. Define a set and give examples to illustrate the difference between collections a set. What are different ways to specify a set. Give examples. 49. Define relation on a set. What do you mean by the domain and range of a relation give examples. 50. Define reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation. Give example of each. 51 . A market research team interviews 160 students asking each of them whether are reads any or all of the gained: A, India today; B, business India; c, today. The team returns the following data. Category Number Category c AC BBC Are the returns consistent?

Word Identification Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Word Identification Skills - Essay Example Teaching word recognition skills at middle school level is important because by that stage, children become responsible enough to take their studies seriously while still being in a tender age. Being in their early teenage, children are quite energetic and responsive that helps in the development of appropriate skills in the most rational manner. My focus would be to enhance their vocabulary to the extent that they learn most of if not all words that are deemed important with respect to the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) as mentioned in (wordhacker.com, 2006). This would also help them prepare for their GRE later. I shall make them memorize ten words on daily basis. Prior to my lecture, I shall make cards of those words and color them differently from one another. I shall dictate them sentences in which those words are used, and then tell them to use those words in their own sentences as a class-work or home-work as deemed appropriate. I shall include certain portion of this vocabulary in the final grade so that the children take the exercise

What makes Shenzhen China a unique and interesting illustration of Assignment

What makes Shenzhen China a unique and interesting illustration of geographic processes - Assignment Example (Cartier, 2001) This city is one of the most unique and a great option for those who wish to migrate to a place which is an amalgamation of natural and artificial beauty. This city was initially considered as a fishing village but with the passage of time things have evolved and it is considered as a modern city with great tourist attractions and facilities. The currency of Shenzhen is Renminbi which is known as People’s currency and has a short form of RNB. Basically Shenzhen is considered to be coastal area which is situated Guangdong district which is in south east China, just near to the boundary (border) between Hong Kong and China. (Zeng, 2010) Guangzhou is considered as the capital city of the Guangdong district which was commonly referred to as Canton for relatively long period of time. This region has rough forested mountainous region which acts like a background for a fairly large coastal region. Shenzhen is apparently demarcated into six individual districts namely Nanshan, Yantian, Longgang, Luoho, Futian, and Bao’an. It is approximated that three districts that sum up for most of the major Shenzhen area are Futian, Nanshan and Luoho. These districts directly join with Hong Kong. The most important city of Shenzhen is Futian which is thought to be the city centre. Shenzhen is considered to be a subtropical region which has long summers that are very hot and humid. This climate approximately lasts from April to September. The temperature ranges from 30-35 degree Celsius in the months of June and July. This range is given for extreme summers when temperature tends to be very high for this period. This temperature is not fixed and it sometimes even goes higher than the range mentioned earlier. The temperature gets lower at nights but still it is fairly hot with temperature ranging from 25-30 degree Celsius. The summers are quite unpredictable during the monsoon when rains usually happen. Furthermore there is

Effects of the Stock Market on Economic Development

Effects of the Stock Market on Economic Development Over the last few decades world stock markets are growing enormously and the stock markets particularly in developing countries represent a large share of this boom. Investors are venturing into the world s newest markets and some are seeing handsome returns but are developing countries themselves reaping any benefits from their stock markets? The evidence indicates that they are. Over the past 10 years, the total value of stocks listed in all of the world s stock markets rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, while the Share of total world capitalization represented by the emerging markets jumped from less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent. Trading in the emerging markets also surged: the value of shares traded climbed from less than 3 percent of the world total in 1985 to 17 percent in 1995. The emerging markets have attracted the interest of international investors while raising a number of critical questions for policy makers in developing countries: Do stock markets affect overall economic development and, if so, how? What is the relationship, between stock markets and banks in fostering economic growth? And, how can developing countries benefit from stock market growth? Impact on development: Do stock markets affect overall economic development? Although some analysts view stock markets in developing countries as casinos that have little positive impact on economic growth, recent evidence suggests that stock markets can give a big boost to economic development. Stock markets may affect economic activity through the creation of liquidity. Many profitable investments require a long-term commitment of capital, but investors are often reluctant to relinquish control of their savings for long periods. Liquid equity markets make investment less risky and more attractive because they allow savers to acquire asset equity and to sell it quickly and cheaply if they need access to their savings or want to alter their portfolios. At the same time, companies enjoy permanent access to capital raised through equity issues. By facilitating longer-term, more profitable investments, liquid markets improve the allocation of capital and enhance prospects for long-term economic growth. Further, by making investment less risky and more profitable, stock market liquidity can also lead to more investment. Put succinctly, investors will come if they can leave. There are alternative views about the effect of liquidity on long-term economic growth, however. Some analysts argue that very liquid markets encourage investor myopia. Because they make it easy for dissatisfied investors to sell quickly, liquid markets may weaken investors commitment and reduce investors incentives to exert corporate control by over- seeing managers and monitoring firm performance and potential. According to this view, enhanced stock market liquidity may actually hurt economic growth. The empirical evidence, however, strongly supports the belief that greater stock market liquidity boosts or at least precedes economic growth. To see how, consider three measures of market liquidity three indicators of how easy it is to buy and sell equities. One commonly used measure is the total value of shares traded on a country s stock exchanges as a share of GDP. This ratio does not directly measure the costs of buying and selling securities at posted prices. Yet, aver- aged over a long time, the value of equity transactions as a share of national output is likely to vary with the ease of trading. In other words, if it is very costly or risky to trade, there will not be much trading. This ratio is used to rank 38 countries by the liquidity of their stock markets in four different groups. The nine countries with the most illiquid markets are in the first group; the nine countries with the most liquid markets that is, with the largest value-traded-to-GDP ratios are in the fourth group; the second and third groups, each of which contains 10 countries, fall between the two extremes of liquidity. As Chart 1 show, countries that had relatively liquid stock markets in 1976 tended to grow much faster over the next 18 years than countries wi th illiquid markets. The second measure of liquidity is the value of traded shares as a percentage of totals market capitalization (the value of stocks listed on the exchange). This turnover ratio measures trading relative to the size of the stock market. Chart 2 indicates that greater turnover predicted faster growth. The more liquid their markets in 1976, the faster countries grew between 1976 and 1993. The third measure is the value-traded-ratio divided by stock price volatility. Markets that are liquid should be able to handle heavy trading without large price swings. As Chart 3 shows, countries whose stock markets were more liquid in 1976 countries with higher trading-to-volatility ratios grew faster over the next 18 years than countries with less liquid markets. As demonstrated in the series of papers on which this article is based (see back- ground note), the strong link between stock market liquidity and economic growth continues to hold when controlling for other Economic, social, political, and policy factors that may affect economic growth, and when using instrumental variable estimation procedures, various periods, and different country samples. The basic conclusion that emerges from this statistical work is that stock market development explains future economic growth. What is important is that other measures of stock market development do not tell the same story. For example, stock market size as measured by dividing market capitalization by GDP is not a good predictor of economic growth (Chart 4), while greater stock price volatility does not necessarily predict poor economic performance (Chart 5). Empirically, it is not the size or volatility of the stock market that matters for growth but the ease with which shares can be traded. Countries may be able to garner big growth dividends by enhancing the liquidity of their stock markets. For example, regression analyses suggest that if Mexico s value-traded-to- GDP ratio in 1976 had been the same as the average for all 38 countries in our sample (0.06 instead of Mexico s actual ratio of 0.01), the annual income of the average Mexican would be 8 percent higher today. This type of forecast does not explain how to enhance liquidity, but it does give an indication of the potentially large economic costs of policy, regulatory, and legal impediments to stock market development. Is there really a link between stock market liquidity and economic growth, or is stock market liquidity just highly correlated with some nonfinancial factor that is the true cause of economic growth? Multiple regression procedures suggest that stock market liquidity helps forecast economic growth even after accounting for a variety of nonfinancial factors that Influence economic growth. After controlling for inflation, fiscal policy, political stability, education, the efficiency of the legal system, exchange rate policy, and openness to international trade, stock market liquidity is still a reliable indicator of future long- term growth. Stock markets versus banks: Is there and independent link between stock market development and growth, or is stock market liquidity correlated with banking development and is the latter the financial factor that really spurs economic growth? Although countries with well-developed banks as measured by total bank loans to private enter- prises as a share of GDP tend to grow faster than countries with underdeveloped banks (Chart 6); the effects of banks on growth can be separated from those of stock markets. To evaluate the relationship between stock markets, banks, and growth, our 38 sample countries were divided into four groups. Group 1 had greater-than-median stock market liquidity (as measured by the value- traded-to-GDP ratio) in 1976 and greater- greater-than-median banking development. Group 2 had liquid stock markets in 1976 but less-than-median banking development. Group 3 had less-than-median stock market liquidity in 1976 but well-developed banks. Group 4 had illiquid stock markets in 1976 and less-than-median banking development. Countries with both liquid stock markets and well-developed banks grew much faster than countries with both illiquid markets and underdeveloped banks. Furthermore, greater stock market liquidity is associated with faster future growth no matter what the level of banking development. Similarly, greater Banking development implies faster growth no matter what the level of stock market liquidity. Thus, it is not a question of stock market development versus banking develop- mint each, on its own, is a strong predictor of future economic growth. Why might stock markets and banks both, independently of each other, boost economic growth? Although the empirical evidence is consistent with the view that stock markets and banks promote economic growth independently of each other, the reasons are not fully understood. One argument is that stock markets and banks provide different types of financial services. Stock markets offer opportunities primarily for trading risk and boosting liquidity; in contrast, banks focus on establishing long-term relationships with firms because they seek to acquire information about projects and managers and enhance corporate control. (There is, of course, some overlap. Like stock markets, banks help savers diversify risk and provide liquid deposits. Like banks, stock markets may stimulate the acquisition of information about firms, because investors want to make a profit by identifying under- valued stocks to invest in; stock markets may also help improve corporate governance by simplifying takeovers, providing an incentive to improve managerial competency.) Is greater stock market liquidity associated with more or better investment? Both Chart 7 shows that countries that had more liquid stock markets in 1976 enjoyed both faster rates of capital accumulation and greater productivity gains over the next 18 years However, although liquid equity markets imply more investment, new equity sales is not the only source of finance for this increased investment? Most corporate capital creation is financed by retained earnings and bank loans. Although this phenomenon is not wholly understood, greater stock market liquidity in developing countries is linked to a rise in the amount of capital raised through bonds and bank loans, so that corporate debt-equity ratios rise with market liquidity. Stock markets tend to complement not replace bank lending and bond issues. Economist believes differently regarding the importance of financial system and its impact on economic growth. Walter Bagehot (1873) and John Hicks (1969) viewed role of financial system as a critical factor for the mobilization of capital. Joseph Schumpeter (1912) explains that a well developed financial system stimulates funding for entrepreneurs; According to his view, Economic development fabricates demand for financial arrangements, and the financial system automatically counters these demands. Besides this, some economists just do not believe the role of finance development is crucial to economic growth. Among those (Robert Lucas, 1988) reasoned that economists poorly over-stress the role of financial development for economic growth. A growing body of work would push even most skeptics toward the belief that the development of financial markets and institutions is a critical and inextricable part of the growth process and away from the view that the financial system is an inconsequential side show, responding passively to economic growth and industrialization. There is even evidence that the level of financial development is a good predictor of future rates of economic growth, capital accumulation, and technological change. This research paper is based on an existing papers by (Garcia and liu; 1999) and (Julia Losseva, 2006). The main objective of this paper is to find the relationship between stock market development and the economic growth in developed economies. However there is an effort made to address the role of liquidity in the development of stock market which hasn t been given much of the attention. Some researchers argue that there is no influence of stock market development on economic growth. Recent evidence confirmed that Stock markets may affect economic development by providing liquidity to the market. Usually a profitable investment require long term commitment of the capital however Investors are apprehensive in holding up there capital for long time. Liquid equity market makes facilitates investment and offer quicker ways to alter portfolios so it s vital to both the investor and stock market development. (King and Levine, 1933) provide mechanism to enhance the economic activity they highlighted that financial system is better able to evaluate and finance the profitable prospective investor. The study explicate that financial institution provide the mechanism of evaluation and monitoring less costly and more efficiently, than the individual investors. Additionally the financial system provides better mobilization of capital and financing to the investors. Therefore promotes the growth by productivity improvements. Besides this financial system also assist in risk diversification for investor in relation to uncertain innovative improvements despite of the fact that financial system distortion result in a reduction over the rate of economic growth. It is stressed that the more developed financial system including banks and stock markets enhances the productivity and stimulate economic growth. Government policy on financial systems may have crucial influence on long run growth. (Levine and zervos, 1998) proposed that a well functioning stock market and banks enhance long run economic growth. In light of these conflicting views, this paper uses existing theory to organize an analytical frame work of the finance-growth nexus and then assesses the quantitative importance of the financial system in economic growth. In light of these conflicting views, this paper uses existing theory to organize an analytical frame-work of the finance-growth nexus and then assesses the quantitative importance of the financial system in economic growth. Although conclusions must be stated hesitantly and with ample qualifications, the preponderance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence suggests a positive, first-order relationship between financial development and economic growth. Broad problem area Is there a Causal relationship between stock market development and economic growth? Literature Survey: Financial development and economic growth: the role of stock markets: Economists Hold startlingly different opinions regarding the importance of the financial system for economic growth. Walter Bagehot (1873) and John Hicks (1969) argue that it played a critical role in facilitating the mobilization of capital. Joseph Schumpeter (1912) contends that well functioning banks spur technological innovation by identifying and funding those entrepreneurs with the best chances of success. In contrast, Joan Robinson (1952, p. 86) declares that, economic development creates demands for particular types of financial arrangements, and the financial system responds automatically to these demands. The relationship between financial development indicators and economic growth has received a considerable attention in recent empirical literature. Many authors have concluded that the development of the financial system has a positive effect on the rate of economic growth. And the volume and efficiency of investment Fry, (1997), McKinnon (1973) Shaw 1973, and others such as Kapur (1976), Matheson (1980) and fry (1989) and (1997) have presented the theoretical backward of the relationship . Financial intermediation has positive effect on economic growth. McKinnon, 1973 and Shaw, 1973; emphasis the role of financial liberalization to increase saving and investment they argued that financial deepening improve not only productivity but also capital and saving. Therefore it improves prospects for investments and growth. Second by reducing the information and transaction cost the financial intermediaries. The main policy implication of the McKinnon/ Shaw frame work is that government restriction on the financial sector such as interest rate ceilings, high reserve requirements and directed credit policies distort the process of financial development and reduce economic growth. Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) and king and Levine (1993) argue that the government intervention in the banking system reduces the growth rate of the economy because of the high transaction cost. Gurley and Shaw 1955, 1960, 1967; centred their theme on the importance of financial intermediation to direct saving to investment. Further to their research Atje and Jovanovich; 1993, link stock market development as a positive sign for economic growth and efficiency. Similarly Levine and zervos; 1998 and Singh; 1997 proposed stock market development as a positive function to the long term growth. (Gold smith; 1969) emphasized that the well structured financial system facilitates the growth economy and explained the overall positive impact of financial structure on economic growth. Pagano, 1993; identify that there is an increased risk sharing benefits in larger stock markets through market externalities while Levine and bencivenga smith and Starr, 1996; show that the stock market may affect economic activity through the creation of the liquidity similarly Devereux and Smith, 1994; and obstfeld 1994 shows that the risk diversification through internationally integrated stock markets is another vehicle through which the stock markets can effect economic growth. In the early researches carried out by (Greenwood and jovanovic s, 1990) emphasized the argument that well functioning financial markets lowers the transaction cost which help in directing the capital to most favourable project in terms of returns therefore promotes growth. Both (McKinnon/ Shaw and Gurley and Shaw 1955, 1960, 1967) stress the role of financial intermediaries on economic growth and they concluded that the easy transfer of funds gears the high social return for economic growth. (King and Levine, 1933) provided empirical evidence by observing financial intermediaries and their role in economic growth by using a cross country data of 80 different countries establish a direct relationship between a well developed stock market, banking system promotes economic growth. (King and Levine, 1933) provide mechanism to enhance the economic activity they highlighted that financial system is better able to evaluate and finance the profitable prospective investor. The study explicate that financial institution provide the mechanism of evaluation and monitoring less costly and more efficiently, than the individual investors. Additionally the financial system provides better mobilization of capital and financing to the investors. Therefore promotes the growth by productivity improvements. Besides this financial system also assist in risk diversification for investor in relation to uncertain innovative improvements despite of the fact that financial system distortion result in a reduction over the rate of economic growth. It is stressed that the more developed financial system including banks and stock markets enhances the productivity and stimulate economic growth. Government policy on financial systems may have crucial influence on long run growth. (Levine and zervos, 1998) proposed that a well functioning stock market and banks enhance long run economic growth. Joseph Schumpeter s view financial intermediaries are crucial for innovation and economic development and the same argument was concluded in the empirical work by Goldsmith, 1969; McKinnon, 1973); However some economist like Lucas, 1988 believe that financial development is not important for economic growth and describe the relationship of financial development and economic growth as over stressed. King and Levine strongly hold the view that there is strong relationship between among financial development and real per capita GDP growth and the rate of capital Allocation. They also determined the financial development is robustly correlated with future rates of economic growth. As a result King and Levine supported the idea which was proposed by Schumpeter 80 years back. In another article (Levine, 1933) develop an endogenous model to clarify the relationship between growth finance and entrepreneurship. The study the role entrepreneurs in initiating economic activity there are two views of Schumpeter; the first one which states that innovation are the motivation to seek temporarily monopoly profit. The second view which less popular is financial intermediary play a vital role in economic growth because of the fact that these financial intermediaries provide fund to the entrepreneur for their innovative activity and facilitate development of new product in the market. Previously the economist such as (Schumpeter, 1911) and (Walter Bagehot, 1873) emphasize the role of banking system in economic growth. Beside this historical emphasize on banking system there are few researches on the relationship between stock market and long run growth. Therefore (Levine and zervos, 1998) focused on stock market by using 47 countries data from (1976 -1993). The study empirically investigates whether banking and stock market indicators are strongly correlated with the current and future rate of economic growth, capital accumulation and productivity growth. Te evidences are consistent with the views that service provided by financial institution and markets are noteworthy for long run growth as argued by (King Levine, 1933) finally the study summarizes that financial environment plays crucial role in the economic growth process. In recent papers by (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) contribute to the finance and growth literature by examining whether industrial sector requiring external finance, in countries with well developed financial markets grow faster compared to those less developed financial market. The results are consistent with the theory that financial markets and institution reduce the cost of external finance. For firms and promote industrial growth a emphasized this would imply that an industry in need of external finance such as pharmaceutical grow relatively faster than tobacco industry requires little external finance in countries with well developed financial system Rajan and Zingales ,1998. Similarly Demirguc-kunt and Maksimovic, 1966 found consistent results with Rajan and Zingales, 1998 that firms in countries with well functioning banking system and equity markets grow faster than it was predicted to sum up the study suggest that financial development may cause the rise of new firms and can improve the growth indirectly and also finding provide evidence that financial market imperfection have an important role in on investment and growth. Moreover, some economists just do not believe that the finance-growth relationship is important. Robert Lucas (1988, p. 6) asserts that economists badly over-stress the role of financial factors in economic growth, while development economists frequently express their skepticism about the role of the financial system by ignoring it (Anand Chandavarkar 1992). The link between liquidity and economic development arises because some high-return projects require a long-run commitment of capital, but savers do not like to relinquish control of their savings for long periods. Thus, if the financial system does not augment the liquidity of long-term investments, less investment is likely to occur in the high-return projects. Indeed, Sir John Hicks (1969, pp. 143-45) argues that the capital market improvements that mitigated liquidity risk were primary causes of the industrial revolution in England. The critical new is capital market liquidity. With liquid capital markets, savers can hold assets-like equity, bonds, or demand deposits-that they can sell quickly and easily if they seek access to their savings. Simultaneously, capital markets transform these liquid financial instruments into long-term capital investments in illiquid production processes. With liquid capital markets, savers can hold assets-like equity, bonds, or demand deposits-that they can sell quickly and easily if they seek access to their savings. Simultaneously, capital markets transform these liquid financial instruments into long-term capital investments in illiquid production processes. Informational asymmetries and transaction costs may inhibit liquidity and intensify liquidity risk. These frictions create incentives for the emergence of financial markets and institutions that augment liquidity. Liquid capital markets, therefore, are markets where it is relatively inexpensive to trade financial instruments and where there is little uncertainty about the timing and settlement of those trades. Before delving into formal models of liquidity and economic activity, some intuition and history may help motivate the discussion. Demirguc kunt and Levine; 1996 identifies the relationship between stock market development and financial intermediary development. They find that better developed stock markets also have better developed financial intermediaries. Levine and Zervos; 1998; proposes that liquidity of the stock market is significantly correlated with current and future rates of economic growth. They also discovered that stock market liquidity and banking development significantly predict future areas of growth. Demirguc kunt and Levine, 1996; investigated the relationship between stock market development and financial intermediary development they also found that those countries having well developed stock markets have better developed financial intermediaries. Therefore they concluded that stock market development goes hand in hand with financial intermediary development. The financial development and its impact on new firms creation are investigated by (Beck, Demirguc-kunt and Levine, 2001) and the impact of economic development and financial structure on industry growth are examined by using country industry panel based on work by Rajan and Zingales, 1998 it is questions that whether industries that heavily depend on external finance grow faster in market or bank based financial system. Whether the level of financial development is a matter for economic development , beck Demirguc kunt and Levine, 2001 found that the banks non banks financial intermediaries and stock market are larger more active and more efficient in richer countries. These characteristics of financial system develops as countries become wealthier also the result indicates that while countries become wealthier stock markets become more active and efficient relative to the banks the more important finding of the article is that externally dependent industries grow relatively faster in countries with better developed financial systems which is consistent with the financial services view predicting that industries that dependent on external finance grow faster in economies with a higher level of financial development grow relatively faster in countries with better developed financial systems, which is consistent with the financial services view predicting that the industries that dependent on external finance grow faster in economies with a higher level of financial development. Further to their research by using 44 industrial and developing countries they investigated that institutionally developed market with strong information disclosure laws, international accounting standards and unrestricted capital flows are larger more liquid markets with less volatility and are internationally integrated with smaller markets. (Levine and Renelt, 1992; Arestis and Demetriades, 1997; Luintel and khan 1999) regarded the presence of endogeneity which weakens the estimated effect of stock market indicators (Harris, 1997) as in case of cross country regression to establish the relationship between stock market development and economic growth. Thus our results may be indirectly valuable for less developed economies in way that may help policy decision relating to the adoption of specific types of financial system. Informational asymmetries and transaction costs may inhibit liquidity and intensify liquidity risk. These frictions create incentives for the emergence of financial markets and institutions that augment liquidity. Liquid capital markets, therefore, are markets where it is relatively inexpensive to trade financial instruments and where there is little uncertainty about the timing and settlement of those trades. The ability to acquire and process information may have important growth implications. Because many firms and entrepreneurs will solicit capital, financial intermediaries, and markets that are better at selecting the most promising firms and managers will induce a more efficient allocation of capital and faster growth (Jeremy Greenwood and Boyan Jovanovic 1990). Bagehot (1873, p. 53) expressed this view over 120 years ago. Acquiring Information about Investments and Allocating Resources It is difficult and costly to evaluate firms, managers, and market conditions as discussed by Vincent Carosso (1970). Individual savers may not have the time, capacity, or means to collect and process information on a wide array of enter-prises, managers, and economic conditions. Information acquisition costs create incentives for financial intermediaries to emerge (Diamond 1984; and John Boyd and Edward Prescott 1986). Assume, for example, that there is a fixed cost to acquiring information about a product-ion technology. Without intermediaries, each investor must pay the fixed cost. In response to this information cost structure, however, groups of individuals may form (or join or use) financial intermediaries to economize on the costs of acquiring and processing information about investments. Information costs, however, may also motivate the emergence of money. Because it is costly to evaluate the attributes of goods, barter exchange is very costly. Thus, an easily recognizable medium of exchange may arise to facilitate exchange (King and Charles Plosser 1986; and Williamson and Randall Wright 1994). The financial systems ability to provide risk diversification services can affect long-run economic growth by altering resource allocation and the saving rates. The basic intuition is straightforward. While savers generally do not like risk, high-return projects tend to be riskier than low-re-turn projects. Thus, financial markets that ease risk diversification tend to induce a portfolio shift toward projects with higher expected returns (Gilles Saint-Paul 1992; Michael Devereux and Gregor Smith 1994; and Maurice Obstfeld 1994). Furthermore, a growing literature shows that differences in how well financial systems reduce information and transaction costs influence saving rates, investment decisions, technological innovation, and long-run growth rates. If we will consider the discussion exist on the relationship between the financial system and economic growth; financial markets development is always considered as pivotal element for growth of economy through the diverse contribution of stock markets and banks. Stiglitz (1985) argues that, because stock markets quickly reveal information through posted prices, there will be few incentives for spending private resources to acquire information that is almost immediately publicly available. The absence of financial arrangements that enha

Analysis of Tide Advertisements Essay examples -- Advertising, Marketi

Tide advertisements from the around the 1970’s only portrayed woman as washing the laundry. Perhaps our civilization has the image set that only women are the ones that do laundry and other household activities. What about men? Men are just as capable to wash their own clothes and clean the house. Tide ads from the 1970’s fit right into the category of women being somewhat degrading in comparison to men. â€Å"Equal opportunity regulations require the upgrading of women into high positions, but may woman who were offered positions had turned them down.† (DeSole 9) What this means is that in the 1970’s women were mainly advertised as being inferior to men. Women were apparently the only ones who use laundry detergents to wash all of their families’ clothes. But this is not only argument in Tide ads. Advertisements in general have changed drastically over the years. Ads have gone from simple black and white prints to prints with every color of the r ainbow, from having so many details on one page to just the image of the ad being sold. Ads in general have gone from being a story on a page to a general image that catches the readers’ immediate attention. Tide ads have come a long way from the 1970’s to 2009. Around the 1970’s Tide ads were very verbose and mostly on cartoons. Women would be in the ads cleaning and showing off the 2 â€Å"miracle tide.† Now when looking at Tide ads, women are not singled out. The Tide product is being advertised on the paper print ad alone. The older Tide ad can be viewed from a feminist prospection and can also be asked why vintage advertisements are so different than new advertisements. Why is it that Tide ads have changed their ways and gone from a woman’s story about the greatest laundry detergent... ...Service=showArticle >. Gloria, DeSole, and Dora Odarenko. "Notes toward an Analysis of Discrimination." Women's Studies Newsletter 3.3/4 (1975): 1-10. Web. 14 Oct 2009. . Prinsloo, Jeanne. "Where Are the Women?." Agenda 31 (1996): 40-49. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .

Deadly Unna Essay Essay

In Australia there is much controversy surrounding racism between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Phillip Gwynne’s novel Deadly Unna is an example of the relationships between the two cultures. Deadly Unna is based on a 14-year-old character named Blacky who lives in ‘the Port’ where the Non-Indigenous Australians or the ‘goongas’ live. On the outskirts of the township there is ‘the Point’ and this is where the Indigenous Australians or ‘nungas’ live. Blacky is an archetypal teenager, he plays football, and experiences the same anxiety in relation to girls and growing up. The theme of racism is of great importance throughout the novel so to the necessity for reconciliation and the hope that this brings. Gwynne cleverly incorporates dialogue and imagery to reveal these themes. The relationship between Blacky and Dumby shows the responder that they do not conform to the standard of racism. Dumby Red is a footy star from the Point, to Blacky he is the perfect guy â€Å"This Dumby Red was trendy, he was talented, he was up himself, he wore Jezza’s number 25, and he had that smile.† – Blacky. Blacky was not always friends with Dumby, earlier in the novel he ranted on about how he hated his guts because he is a Non-Indigenous Australian. But later on Dumby stood up for Blacky in a fight; this changed his view of Indigenous Australians. The use of football as a reoccurring metaphor connects the two characters. â€Å"The footy was the only place for us and the nungas to be together†. This quote shows how the relationship between Dumby and Blacky can exist through a social barrier of racism. Gwynne uses descriptive language when Blacky is attending Dumbys’ funeral to demonstrate to the responder that Blacky lacks understanding of Indigenous Australians and racism in the town. â€Å"Most of the houses were fibro, there were some brick ones as well. I thought that’s not right, they all had doors and windows. I had been told that the first thing nungas do is break all their windows and smash all their doors down.† – Blacky. Through this relationship between Blacky and Dumby, Gwynne has shown that Blacky has a strong relationship with Dumby, he doesn’t care that he is judged because he simply wants to respect an Indigenous Australian. Gwynne has used the relationship between Blacky and Pickles to show the racist side of the town. The use of Pickles arrogance towards the feelings of the Indigenous Australian community shows that the Indigenous Australians are misunderstood and judged unfairly. â€Å"Why did you go to a boongs funeral Blacky?† – Pickles. Through this technique the responder can see that not only Pickles but also the port are racist towards Indigenous Australians. When Mark Arks received the B.O.G award Blacky was infuriated because he thought that Dumby was deserving of the trophy and not mark arks, he believed that Dumby did not receive it because of him being from Indigenous Australian background. â€Å"Mark arks getting the B.O.G, that’s bull****, that was Dumbys’ award!† – Blacky. Through the dialogue that Pickles uses towards the Blacky and the Indigenous people it shows how commonly racism is used in the town and that it is of the norm to be racist. Gwynne also shows the relationship between Blacky and Dumby is contrasting to the one between Blacky and Pickles and that the relationship between pickles been forced over the years and now Blacky is starting to realise Pickles’ true traits. Through the use of a variety of language and techniques Gwynne has revealed themes of racism in the novel. It is through the presentation of different relationships that Gwynne included two sides of racism in the Indigenous culture. The presentation of the relationships between Blacky and Dumby show that racism in the Port doesn’t effect Blacky, he cared about Dumby even though he was an Indigenous Australian. On the other hand the relationship with Pickles and Blacky is much different, Pickles is racist and doesn’t want to have Blacky being friends with an Indigenous Australia therefore Blacky feels he has to hide his friendship with Dumby. Elements that such as descriptive language and dialogues, metaphorical scenarios and different perspectives, combine to make Deadly Unna an entertaining novel for the responder.